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LaTeX – customizing the depth of the table of contents and subsection headings
You can set the general depth of the contents listing using:
\setcounter{tocdepth}{n} where n is the level, starting with 0 (chapters only)
and the general depth subsection headings using:
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{n} where n is the level, starting with 0 (chapters only)
in the preamble (i.e. before \begin{document}. This will work for the whole document.
LaTeX – customizing the depth of the table of contents for different parts of document
\setcounter{tocdepth}{n} where n is the level, starting with 0 (chapters only)
in the preamble (i.e. before \begin{document}. This will work for the whole document.
\settocdepth{chapter}
and later set it to sections or subsections. The level will remain the way you set it until the next \settocdepth command. Be shure not to have a line \renewcommand{\tableofcontents} right before the \settocdepth.
List with small line spacing
\usepackage{paralist}
\begin{compactitem}
\item {this}
\item {that}
\end{compactitem}
JabRef Eintragstypen (Entrytypes)
- @article: ein Journalpaper
- @inproceedings: ein Konferenzpaper
- @masterthesis: Eine Diplomarbeit u.ä.
- @techreport: Technical Report, z.B. vom IMISE oder Ontomed
- @incollection: Buchbeiträge, z.B. Telemedizinführer
- @proceedings: Tagungsband, Tagungsbericht, Veröffentlichung
- @misc: wenn sonst nichts zutrifft
Page margins and the \footheight command
Page margins
There are a few commands to redefine the page layout:
Command | |
---|---|
\baselinestretch | A decimal value for the spacing.
Example: To set double-spacing on your document, use the command: \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2} |
\textwidth | The normal width of the text on the page.
Example: To change this, use the command: \setlength{\textwidth}{x} NOTE: If you change the textwidth, you will almost certainly want to change the evenside- and oddsidemargin. |
\textheight | The normal height of the body of a page. |
\oddsidemargin |
One inch less than the distance from the left edge of the paper to the left margin of the text on right-hand pages. |
\evensidemargin | The same as \oddsidemargin except for left-hand pages. |
\marginparwidth | The width of marginal notes. |
\marginparsep | The amount of horiz. space between the outer margin and a marginal note. |
\topmargin | One inch less than the distance from the top edge of the paper to the top of the page’s head. |
\headheight | The height of a box containing the header. |
\headsep | The amount of vertical space between the header and the body of a page. |
\toskip | The minimum distance from the top of the body to the bottom of the first line of text. |
\footheight | The height of a box containing the page’s footer. |
\footskip | The distance from the bottom of the last line of text in the body to the bottom of the footer. |
You can use the commands like this:
Command | |
---|---|
\newlength{cmd} | define cmd to be a length |
\setlength{cmd}{len} | set length of cmd to be len |
\addtolength{cmd}{len} | add len to length cmd |
\settowidth{cmd}{txt} | set cmd to width of txt |
Units
Unit | |
---|---|
cm | Centimetres |
em |
The width of the letter M in the current font |
ex |
The height of the letter x in the current font |
in |
Inches |
pc |
Picas (1pc = 12pt) |
pt |
Points (1in = 72.27pt) |
mm |
Millimetres |
\footheight
The \footheight
command will not affect the way the style works with LaTeX2.09. You can use the other commands like \textheight25.5cm
instead to format your page.
Latex font sizes and styles
Font sizes
Note that the font size definitions are set by the document class. Depending on the document style the actual font size may differ from that listed above. And not every document class has unique sizes for all 10 size commands.
size | 10pt (default) | 11pt option | 12pt option |
---|---|---|---|
\tiny | 6.80565 | 7.33325 | 7.33325 |
\scriptsize | 7.97224 | 8.50012 | 8.50012 |
\footnotesize | 8.50012 | 9.24994 | 10.00002 |
\small | 9.24994 | 10.00002 | 10.95003 |
\normalsize | 10.00002 | 10.95003 | 11.74988 |
\large | 11.74988 | 11.74988 | 14.09984 |
\Large | 14.09984 | 14.09984 | 15.84985 |
\LARGE | 15.84985 | 15.84985 | 19.02350 |
\huge | 19.02350 | 19.02350 | 22.82086 |
\Huge | 22.82086 | 22.82086 | 22.82086 |
size | 10pt (default) | 11pt option | 12pt option |
---|---|---|---|
\tiny | 7.33325 | 7.97224 | 8.50012 |
\scriptsize | 7.97224 | 8.50012 | 9.24994 |
\footnotesize | 8.50012 | 9.24994 | 10.00002 |
\small | 9.24994 | 10.00002 | 10.95003 |
\normalsize | 10.00002 | 10.95003 | 11.74988 |
\large | 10.95003 | 11.74988 | 14.09984 |
\Large | 11.74988 | 14.09984 | 15.84985 |
\LARGE | 14.09984 | 15.84985 | 19.02350 |
\huge | 15.84985 | 19.02350 | 22.82086 |
\Huge | 19.02350 | 22.82086 | 22.82086 |
size | |
---|---|
\tiny | 17.27505 |
\scriptsize | 20.73755 |
\footnotesize | 20.73755 |
\small | 20.73755 |
\normalsize | 24.88382 |
\large | 29.86258 |
\Large | 35.82510 |
\LARGE | 43.00012 |
\huge | 51.60014 |
\Huge | 51.60014 |
size | 10pt (default) | 11pt option | 12pt option |
---|---|---|---|
\tiny | 5.31258 | 6.37509 | 6.37509 |
\scriptsize | 7.43760 | 8.50012 | 8.50012 |
\footnotesize | 8.50012 | 9.24994 | 10.00002 |
\small | 9.24994 | 10.00002 | 10.95003 |
\normalsize | 10.00002 | 10.95003 | 11.74988 |
\large | 11.74988 | 11.74988 | 14.09984 |
\Large | 14.09984 | 14.09984 | 16.24988 |
\LARGE | 16.24988 | 16.24988 | 19.50362 |
\huge | 19.50362 | 19.50362 | 23.39682 |
\Huge | 23.39682 | 23.39682 | 23.39682 |
Font styles
There are three main font families: roman (e.g., Times), sans serif (e.g., Arial) and monospace (e.g., Courier). You can also specify styles such as italic and bold.
The following table lists the commands you will need to access the typical font styles:
LaTeX command | Equivalent to | Output style | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
\textnormal{…} |
{\normalfont …} |
document font family | this is the default or normal font |
\emph{…} |
{\em …} |
emphasis | typically italics |
\textrm{…} |
{\rmfamily …} |
roman font family | |
\textsf{…} |
{\sffamily …} |
sans serif font family | |
\texttt{…} |
{\ttfamily …} |
teletypefont family | this is a fixed-width or monospace font |
\textup{…} |
{\upshape …} |
upright shape | the same as the normal typeface |
\textit{…} |
{\itshape …} |
italic shape | |
\textsl{…} |
{\slshape …} |
slanted shape | a skewed version of the normal typeface (similar to, but slightly different from, italics) |
\textsc{…} |
{\scshape …} |
Small Capitals | |
\uppercase{…} |
uppercase (all caps) | Also \lowercase . There are some caveats, though; see here. |
|
\textbf{…} |
{\bfseries …} |
bold | |
\textmd{…} |
{\mdseries …} |
medium weight | a font weight in between normal and bold |
You may have noticed the absence of underline. Although this is available via the \underline{…} command, text underlined in this way will not break properly. This functionality has to be added with the ulem (underline emphasis) package. Stick \usepackage{ulem} in your preamble. By default, this overrides the \emph command with the underline rather than the italic style. It is unlikely that you wish this to be the desired effect, so it is better to stop ulem taking over \emph and simply call the underline command as and when it is needed.
- To restore the usual
em
formatting, add \normalem straight after the document environment begins. Alternatively, use \usepackage[normalem]{ulem}. - To underline, use \uline{…}.
- To add a wavy underline, use \uwave{…}.
- And for a strike-out \sout{…}.
BibTeX and bibliography styles
In your LaTeX file, these two commands insert the reference/bibliography section in your publication:
\bibliography{xxx} \bibliographystyle{yyy}
The “xxx” is the name of the bib file (yyy.bib) containing the reference database, e.g. \bibliography{mybiblio} would call on file “mybiblio.bib”.
The “yyy“‘ is a style name. See some of the available styles in section below. You can also use your own style file (.bst) with this command.
You can also use a subfolder for your styles:
\bibliographystyle{./Styles/mystyle}
Bibliography styles
Here you can find some bibliography styles.
Here you can find some bibliography styles for German texts.
The chicago style is one of my favorite styles.
The PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how these bibliographic styles render citations and reference entries:
1: ieeetr 2: unsrt 3: IEEE 4: ama 5: cj 6: nar 7: nature 8: phjcp 9: is-unsrt 10: plain 11: abbrv 12: acm 13: siam 14: jbact 15: amsplain 16: finplain 17: IEEEannot 18: is-abbrv 19: is-plain 20: annotation 21: plainyr 22: decsci |
23: jtbnew 24: neuron 25: cell 26: jas99 27: abbrvnat 28: ametsoc 29: apalike 30: jqt1999 31: plainnat 32: jtb 33: humanbio 34: these 35: chicagoa 36: development 37: unsrtnat 38: amsalpha 39: alpha 40: annotate 41: is-alpha 42: wmaainf 43: alphanum 44: apasoft |
If you want to edit a .bst file you should have a look at this file and if you want to create a new one you can use makebst (command: latex makebst).
Compiling the document and bibliography
To fully compile and cross-link references you have to repeat some commands. To create a .dvi or .pdf file use the following commands:
to create .dvi file: | to create .pdf file: | result: | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | latex mydocument | pdflatex mydocument | creates .aux file which includes keywords of any citations |
2 | bibtex mydocument | bibtex mydocument | uses the .aux file to extract cited publications from the database in the .bib file, formats them according to the indicated style, and puts the results into in a .bbl file |
3 | latex mydocument | pdflatex mydocument | inserts appropriate reference indicators at each point of citation, according to the indicated bibliography style |
4 | latex mydocument | pdflatex mydocument | refines citation references and other cross-references, page formatting and page numbers |
Including eps graphics in pdfLaTeX
Traditionally, LaTeX users generate postscript output using dvips. An alternative is to use pdfTeX to generate PDF files directly. The PDF format offers a number of advantages over postscript:
- Smaller uncompressed file sizes.
- Much more efficient bitmap inclusion.
- Availability of hyperlinks.
- Better accessibility for inexperienced users.
- Adobe’s Acrobat reader offers facilities for electronic presentations
The postscript generated by dvips can be converted to pdf format with the Adobe software or ghostscript, but there are a number of disadvantages in comparison to using pdfTeX. In particular, the files are usually larger, and ghostscript prior to v6.0 converts the type-1 scalable fonts into type-3 bitmaps, resulting in poor appearance when viewing. The type-3 bitmaps will also occur if the dvips isn’t configured to use type-1.
The main limitation of pdfTeX is that postscript figures cannot yet be directly imported into documents. Instead, inclusions must be bitmaps (PNG or JPG), a simple format of PDF, or MetaPost output. Some EPS graphics may be converted to PDF and included, but I have had limited success with this approach in the pase. However, I have found that conversion through MetaPost is quite robust for vector graphics. For bitmaps you will want to instead convert to PNG for line-art or JPG for photos.
via pdf
In more recent times, the later versions of epstopdf by Sebastian Rahtz et al. appear to quite successfully perform the translation to pdf directly. This means that the pdf generation process is quite easy:
- Convert the .eps files to .pdf using epstopdf
- Conditionally include the graphics package, as shown below.
- Include the images in the LaTeX file, perhaps following the example below
- The same file can then be used to generate dvi output with LaTeX, or pdf output with pdfTeX.
via mps
I would consider this section now obsolete, and graphics would now be generally be included with pdf as described above. Hovewer, to instead perform the conversion via MetaPost, you will need both pstoedit and metapost. I suggest pstoedit v3.14 or later as it incorporates changes and bug fixes I made. Metapost is found in most TeX distributions. To generate a .mps file from a .eps file, use the following commands:
pstoedit -f mpost -fontmap /usr/local/lib/pstoedit/fontmap.mpost file.eps file.mp mpost file.mp mv file.1 file.mps
You will need to alter the path to the fontmap.mpost file to suit you installation. The last line is necessary because metapost gives the output file the extension of “.1”, while it is more convenient to import it into pdfTeX with an extension of “.mps”.
With a little bit of trickery, it is possible to make metapost typeset any mathematics during the conversion. This means that it is possible to include LaTeX equations in graphic editor that does not natively support it (such as Sketch).
The LaTeX File
To import graphics into pdfTeX, the easiest way is to simply use the graphics (or graphicx) package, and no option should now be required. So simply use this at the top:
\usepackage{graphics}
A figure may then be included by a command like:
\includegraphics{file}
If the extension is not specified, LaTeX will find the .eps file, and pdfTeX will find the .mps or .pdf file.
The following is an example of inserting a figure called FigureExample.eps, FigureExample.pdf or FigureExample.mps. If you leave the extension off, usually the best one is chosen automatically.
\begin{figure}[htb!] \centering% \includegraphics{FigureExample} \caption{An Example Figure} \label{fig:FigureExample} \end{figure}
In order to keep files small, I recommend using the Times or Helvetica fonts, as these are built-in fonts on pdf readers, and don’t need to be included in the file. For example, use the times package (\usepackagetimes in the preamble).
LaTeX Error: Cannot determine size of graphic (no BoundingBox)
What’s a BoundingBox?
A BoundingBox is a entry that is located in PostScript files that tells the reader the scale limits of the file. LaTeX uses this entry to determine how to place the image in the document.
How to fix the LaTeX problem
It is quite easy to fix this problem. The free software package ImageMagick is used in this case to convert the images from one form to another. ImageMagick is able to convert many image formats to many other types. To do the conversion just enter this into your console:
root@toor ~ # convert image.jpg image.eps
You can find a portable Win32 release ImageMagick-X.X.X-Q16-windows.zip here.
For converting jpgs to PostScript files there is also a free utility named jpeg2ps. You can download it from here.
Using LaTeX with BibTeX.
1. run latex
2. run bibtex
3. run latex
4. run latex again